By Khedroob Thondup

Introduction. India’s relationship with China is one of the most consequential in Asia, shaping the future of regional security, trade, and diplomacy. Yet trust between the two nations has remained elusive. From the 1962 war to the Galwan clashes of 2020, China has consistently undermined India’s sovereignty and security. This brief argues that India cannot trust China, not because of paranoia, but because of a demonstrable pattern of aggression, expansionism, and disregard for agreements.

Historical Foundations of Mistrust. 1962 Sino‑Indian War. The war marked the collapse of the “Hindi‑Chini Bhai Bhai” (India‑China brotherhood) narrative. China’s invasion and occupation of Aksai Chin created a permanent territorial fault line. India’s defeat left scars that continue to shape its strategic thinking.

Tibet Annexation. China’s annexation o...